Health ExtensionSammy Snacks with Pumpkin

A grain used as an easily digested carbohydrate. White rice has had the bran removed; it digests fast and is the classic bland-diet starch. Brewers rice is the small broken fragments left after milling, nutritionally the same as white rice despite its reputation as a cheap filler. Rice bran is the outer layer, mostly fiber and oil. Grain allergy is rare in pets; rice is one of the least reactive grains.

A root vegetable used as a carbohydrate source, especially in grain-free foods. It supplies energy, fiber and beta carotene and is well digested by dogs. There is no good evidence it beats rice or oats nutritionally, though it is a reasonable choice for pets that do poorly on grains. Like any starch, a food that lists it high is a starch-heavy food.

A vegetable used mainly as a source of soluble fiber for stool quality, and for label appeal. Amounts in a complete food are small. Not an allergen of concern and not a meaningful protein or calorie source.

A cereal grain used as a slow-digesting carbohydrate. It is high in soluble fiber, especially beta-glucan, and has a lower glycemic effect than rice, which is why it turns up in weight-control and diabetic foods. Pearled barley has had the hull removed, which lowers the fiber somewhat. Barley grass is a different ingredient, a young green shoot used as a vegetable.

A plant fat high in medium-chain triglycerides, fats the body can burn quickly without the usual digestion steps. Those fats are the reason coconut oil appears in some senior and brain-support foods, where small studies of medium-chain fats in older dogs showed modest cognitive benefits; a food's coconut oil is a lower dose of the same fats. It supplies almost no essential fatty acids, so a food cannot rely on it as the only fat. It is calorie-dense and fine in the small amounts used.

A whole grain used as a carbohydrate and fiber source. Oats are well digested, higher in protein than rice, and contain beta-glucan, a soluble fiber linked to steadier blood sugar. They are a common choice in sensitive-stomach and weight-control foods. Oat fiber is the hull, which is mostly insoluble fiber; oat flour and oatmeal are the whole grain milled. Grain allergy is rare in pets.