Royal CaninGerman Shepherd Adult 5+ Dry Dog Food

Purified plant fiber, usually from wood pulp, added as an insoluble fiber. It bulks stool, dilutes calories in weight-control foods and helps move hair through a cat's gut, which is why it is common in hairball formulas. It passes through undigested and supplies fiber only. The wood origin sounds alarming, but the product is the same purified cellulose used in human foods.

The fiber left after sugar is extracted from sugar beets. Nearly all the sugar is gone; what remains is a mix of fibers that bacteria in the gut can ferment, producing fatty acids that feed the cells lining the colon. It helps firm stools and is one of the better-studied fibers in dog food. Its reputation as a filler is undeserved, though it does add little else beyond fiber.

A potassium source and an electrolyte. Potassium keeps muscles and nerves working, including the heart, and cats lose more of it than dogs do. It also stands in for part of the salt in foods that are formulated lower in sodium. A routine additive with no allergy or safety concern at food levels.

A calcium source, the same compound as limestone or chalk. Meat is low in calcium and high in phosphorus, so foods add calcium to keep the two in balance, which matters for bone and for large-breed puppies in particular. Routine and safe. Not an allergen.

Sodium and chloride, both essential, plus a palatability boost. Pets need less than people, and the minimum is set in the nutrient profiles the food is formulated to. Salt high on the list of a treat is a flavor choice; salt near the end of a complete food is nutrition. Ask your vet before choosing a low-sodium food for heart or kidney disease rather than reading labels alone.

An essential amino acid, added when the proteins in a food fall short of the required level. Meat is rich in lysine, so it is usually added when a recipe leans on plant protein, which is lower, or to replace lysine lost in cooking. In cats, lysine supplements were long given for herpesvirus flare-ups, but controlled studies found no benefit and some suggestion of harm at high doses; the small amounts in a complete food are there for nutrition and sit far below those doses.

A phosphate salt used to keep wet food moist and hold its texture, and in some dry foods to reduce tartar by binding calcium in saliva. It is an approved additive in human and pet food. Because it adds phosphorus, it is one of the ingredients a vet may ask you to avoid in a cat or dog with kidney disease, where phosphorus intake matters. For healthy pets at label levels it is not a concern.

A fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells and the fats in the food itself. It is in nearly every complete food, both as a nutrient and, under the name mixed tocopherols, as the natural preservative that keeps fat from going rancid. Deficiency is rare in pets eating a complete diet. Nothing to worry about on a label, and a sign the maker is preserving with vitamin E rather than synthetic chemicals.

Vitamin B3. Dogs can make some from the amino acid tryptophan; cats cannot make enough and must get it from food, which is one of many reasons cat food and dog food are not interchangeable. Water-soluble and safe at food levels. Expected on every complete food label.

A heat-stable form of vitamin C. Dogs and cats make their own vitamin C, so it is not an essential nutrient for them. It is added as an antioxidant and, some argue, to support joints and immunity. Harmless at food levels and not a reason to choose or avoid a food.

Vitamin B5 in its stable added form (the d- prefix just names the active version). It is needed to turn fats and carbohydrates into energy. Widely available in meats and grains, topped up to guarantee the level. Safe, expected, and irrelevant to allergies.

Vitamin B6 in its stable, added form. It is central to protein metabolism, and cats need proportionally more of it than dogs because their diet runs so high in protein. Water-soluble and safe at food levels. A normal line on any complete food.

Vitamin B2, used to turn food into energy. Present in meat and dairy but partly lost in cooking, so manufacturers top it up. Water-soluble and safe at the levels used in food. Its presence tells you the food was formulated to a complete nutrient profile, not that anything unusual is going on.

Vitamin B1, essential for nerves and energy metabolism, and the vitamin most often behind cat food recalls. It is destroyed by heat and by some preservatives, so canned foods in particular must add it back. Cats are especially sensitive to running short. Its presence is expected; its absence from a cooked food would be a red flag.

Essential for vision, skin and immune function. Cats cannot convert the plant form (beta-carotene) into vitamin A the way dogs can, so cat food must carry the preformed vitamin. It is fat-soluble and stored in the liver, so very high doses over time are harmful, which is why the amount is regulated. Normal on any complete food.

Vitamin B9, needed for cell division and healthy blood. Standard fortification in complete foods for dogs and cats. Water-soluble, no toxicity concern at food levels. Its main relevance to a shopper is none: it is there because the recipe was balanced properly.

Needed for nerve function and making red blood cells. It occurs naturally only in animal tissue, so it is added to almost every food to guarantee the level. Water-soluble, so excess passes out in urine. Cats and dogs with chronic gut disease can run low even on a good diet, which is a vet conversation rather than a food choice.

Dogs and cats cannot make useful amounts of vitamin D from sunlight, so it has to be in the food. It governs calcium and bone health. It is also one of the few vitamins where too much is dangerous: excess vitamin D has caused pet food recalls. The amount is regulated and the presence of D3 on a label is expected. What matters is that the maker gets the dose right, which is a quality-control question, not an ingredient question.

A B-vitamin relative added to nearly every complete food because animals need more than the base ingredients supply. It supports liver function and cell membranes. Seeing it on a label is normal and reassuring rather than a concern.

An amino acid cats cannot make in sufficient quantity and must eat, or they develop heart disease and blindness. It is in every complete cat food by law of nutrition, not by choice. Dogs make their own, but it is added to many dog foods as a precaution after a federal investigation into diet-associated heart disease in dogs. Its presence on a dog food label is a good sign, not a warning.

An essential amino acid, added to top up protein quality and, in cat food especially, to acidify urine and discourage the struvite crystals behind some urinary problems. Routine and safe in a complete food. If your cat has a history of the other crystal type (oxalate), urine acidifiers are a vet conversation.

A zinc source. Zinc is essential for skin, coat, immunity and wound healing, and deficiency shows up first as crusty skin. Some Arctic breeds absorb it poorly and need more. Sulfate and oxide are inorganic; proteinate or chelate is bound to protein, which brands present as better absorbed. Any of them is normal. Not an allergen.

An iron source. Iron carries oxygen in the blood, and meat supplies much of it, with the mineral supplement making up the rest. Ferrous sulfate is the inorganic form; iron proteinate or chelate is the same mineral bound to a protein fragment, which brands describe as more absorbable. Either is normal. Not an allergen.

A manganese source. Manganese is needed in tiny amounts for bone, cartilage and enzyme function. Sulfate is the inorganic form; proteinate is the mineral bound to protein. The choice between them is a marketing distinction more than a health one for a healthy pet. Expected, safe, not an allergen.

A copper source. Copper is essential in small amounts for blood, connective tissue and coat color. Some veterinary nutritionists have questioned whether modern dog foods carry more copper than dogs need, and a few breeds (Bedlington Terriers, Labradors among them) are prone to storing it in the liver. For most pets it is a routine additive. If your dog has a diagnosed liver condition, copper level is worth a vet conversation.

An iodine source. Iodine runs the thyroid, and pets cannot get enough without it being added. Calcium iodate and potassium iodide are the common forms and do the same job. Whether dietary iodine plays a role in the overactive thyroid common in older cats has been studied without a clear answer. A normal line on any complete food.

The usual source of selenium, a mineral that works alongside vitamin E as an antioxidant. Selenium has a narrow safe range, so the amount is regulated and small. Sodium selenite is the inorganic form; some brands use selenium yeast instead, which is absorbed differently, and market it as an upgrade. The evidence that it matters for a healthy pet is thin. Expected on a complete food.

An essential mineral for muscle, nerve and bone function, added to guarantee the required level. The amount matters more than the form. In cats, higher magnesium combined with alkaline urine is linked to struvite crystals, which is why urinary foods keep it low; most foods list it far down because only small amounts are needed. Oxide and sulfate are the usual forms; proteinate is a chelated form marketed as better absorbed.

A cartilage component, usually from cattle or chicken cartilage, almost always paired with glucosamine in joint-support foods. The same caveats apply: the evidence in dogs is modest, the dose in a complete food is usually below that used in supplement trials, and the amount on the bag is what to compare. Because it usually comes from chicken or beef cartilage, strict allergy diets may need to check the source.

A plant pigment that dogs convert to vitamin A and that also acts as an antioxidant. Cats cannot make the conversion and need preformed vitamin A from animal sources, so for cats beta carotene is an antioxidant and a colorant only. It gives kibble an orange tint. It is safe at the amounts used and appears on labels mainly as a sign that the food was formulated to a full nutrient profile.